Computer Language that is designed for the business and finance domain. COBOL 2002 standard supports object-oriented programming. It is one of the very old programming languages that are still in use.
Cobra
It is an object-oriented programming language that runs
on .NET and Mono frameworks. Chuck Esterbrook developed it. Its design is
influenced by languages like Python and C#. It supports static and dynamic
typing and is suited for unit tests. Today, it is an open source project.
D
Originally designed as an enhancement of C++, it is also
influenced by Java, Eiffel, and C#. It is an object-oriented, imperative,
multi-paradigm system programming language developed by Walter Bright of
Digital Mars.
DASL
Acronym of Distributed Application Specification Language,
it is a high-level, strongly typed programming language that was developed at
the Sun Microsystems. It was created with an intent to be used for developing
web applications.
DIBOL
Acronym of Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language,
DIBOL is a general-purpose procedural imperative programming language. It is
fairly similar to COBOL as it’s best suited for the development of Management
Information Systems.
Fortran
It is a procedural, imperative, general purpose computer
programming language that works well for scientific computations and numeric
operations. After IBM developed it in the 1950s, it soon gained popularity in
programming. It is very popular in the field of high-performance computing. It
is a structured and compiled programming language that is a subset of
Fortran95. Fortran 2003, a revised version of Fortran supports object-oriented
programming.
Java
It is a general-purpose computer programming language that
is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have
as few implementation dependencies as possible. Compiled Java code can run on
all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. It is a
very popular language of the modern times.
JOVIAL
It is a high-order computer programming language similar to
ALGOL. It is best-suited to the design and development of embedded systems.
Objective-C
It is a reflective object-oriented programming language that
adds messaging services to C.
SMALL
The name stands for Small Machine Algol-like Language. It
provides the programmers with abilities to write an ALGOL-like code that can be
run on small machines.
Smalltalk
It is a reflective, object-oriented programming language
that supports dynamic typing. Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, Scott
Wallace, Ted Kaehler and their associates at Xerox PARC developed Smalltalk.
They designed it for educational use and it soon became popular. VisualWorks is
a prominent implementation of Smalltalk. Squeak is a programming language that
is in the form of an implementation of Smalltalk. Scratch is a visual
programming language based on Squeak.
Turing
It was developed by Ric Holt and James Cordy of the
University of Toronto, Canada, in 1982. It was named in honor of the British
computer scientist, Alan Turing. This Pascal-like language is a freeware since
2007.
Visual Basic
It is an event-driven programming language that is packaged
with an integrated development environment. It inherits many of its features
from BASIC. Its graphical development features make it easy for beginners to
learn VB.
Visual FoxPro
It is an object-oriented and procedural programming language
derived from FoxPro. It is integrated with a relational database system of its
own and does not require an additional programming environment. It supports
dynamic programming.
XL
It is created with an intent to support concept programming,
a programming paradigm that focuses on how concepts residing in a programmer’s
mind can be transformed into code constructs. Programmers can reconfigure XL’s
syntax and semantics.
Procedural Programming Languages
Procedural (imperative) programmingimplies specifying the
steps that the programs should take to reach to an intended state. A procedure
is a group of statements that can be referenced through a procedure
Computer Knowledge For All, [26-10-2017 07:13]
call. Procedures help in the reuse of code. Procedural
programming makes the programs structured and easily traceable for program
flow.
Bliss
It is a system programming language and was one of the
best-known languages of this type till C came up. W.A. Wolf, D.B. Russell and
A.N. Habermann of the Carnegie Mellon University developed Bliss. It includes
exception handling mechanisms, coroutines and macros while it excludes the goto
statement.
ChucK
It is a concurrent and strongly timed audio programming
language that runs on Mac OS X, Linux as well as Microsoft Windows. It is
especially known for the ability it gives to the programmers to do some
modifications even in the running programs.
CLIST
It is a procedural programming language in the form of a set
of commands that need to be executed in a sequence like that of a batch file.
HyperTalk
It is a high-level programming language that was intended to
be used by programmers at the beginner’s level. The programmers of this
computer language were known as authors and the act of writing programs was
called scripting. HyperTalk was designed by Dan Winker in 1987. Structurally,
it resembles Pascal.
Modula-2
It is a general-purpose procedural language created in 1978
by Niklaus Wirth at ETH. It is similar to Pascal and has systems programming
and multiprogramming features.
Oberon
Niklaus Wirth, the man behind Pascal and Modula came up with
Oberon in 1986. It was designed as a part of the Oberon operating system. It is
similar to Modula-2 but smaller than it.
Component Pascal
It is a programming language that seems to be related to
Pascal, but is actually incompatible with it. It is actually a variant of Oberon-2.
Lagoona is an experimental programming language that supports
component-oriented programming, a paradigm of decomposing a system into logical
or functional components. Michael Franz, a student of Niklaus Wirth developed
Lagoona. Seneca, better known as Oberon-2 is an extension of the Oberon
programming language.
MATLAB
It is a numerical computing environment and a programming
language that enables matrix computations, function plotting, and algorithm
implementation. It can also be used for user interface creation. MathWorks
created MATLAB.
Occam
It is an imperative procedural language that was developed
by David May and his colleagues at INMOS. It is similar to Pascal. Occam-pi is
a variant of Occam that has been extended to include nested protocols,
recursion, protocol inheritance, array constructors and run-time process
creation.
PL/C
It was developed for being used to teach programming. It was
created at the Cornell University in the 1970s.
PL/I
It is an imperative computer programming language targeted
at scientific and engineering applications. Mainly intended to perform data
processing, it also supports structured programming and recursion.
Rapira
It is a procedural programming language that was used in
teaching computer programming in Soviet schools. Developed in the USSR,
initially this language had Russian-based keywords. English keywords were
incorporated later.
RPG
This programming language is used for business applications.
It is available with the IBM’s System I midrange computers.
Scripting Languages
Scripting languages are programming languages that
control an application. Scripts can execute independent of any other
application. They are mostly embedded in the application that they control and
are used to automate frequently executed tasks like communicating with external
programs.
AppleScript
It is a scripting language that is built into the Mac OS.
Awk
Awk was born in the Bell Labs in the 1970s. It is used for
processing text-based data in data streams and files and uses the string
datatype, arrays, and regular expressions.
BeanShell
It is a java scripting language that is syntactically
similar to Java and runs on the Java Runtime Environment along with scripting
commands and syntax.
ColdFusion
It is an application server and software development
framework that comes with an associated scripting language known as Cold
Computer Knowledge For All, [26-10-2017 07:13]
Fusion Markup Language. It is known as CFML and is similar
to HTML in terms of its syntax.
F-Script
It is an object-oriented scripting language that is closely
similar to Smalltalk with an additional feature of array programming.
JASS
It is an event-driven scripting language that provides the
programmers with an extensive API.
Maya Embedded Language
Abbreviated as MEL, it is a scripting language that is used
to support tasks on the Maya software. Its syntax resembles that of Perl.
Mondrian
This scripting language is aimed for Internet use and is
looked upon as being a combination of Haskell and Java.
PHP
PHP is one of the very popularly used general purpose
scripting languages. It is developed for creating dynamic web pages and
supports a command line interface capability.
Revolution
It is a rapid application development language that is based
on HyperTalk. It is a cross-platform language that supports dynamic typing.
Tcl
It is a scripting language, which is believed to be easy to
learn. It is used for rapid prototyping and has found utility in embedded
systems.
VBScript
It is an active scripting language that Microsoft developed
as a variation of Microsoft Visual Basic. VBScript is a default component with
each of the Desktop releases of Microsoft Windows.
Windows PowerShell
It is Microsoft’s command line shell and a scripting
language. Released in 2006, it is available with Windows XP, Windows Vista as
also with Windows Server 3003 and Windows Server 2008. It works in
collaboration with Microsoft .NET Framework by means of executables, forms
of standalone applications, regular .NET classes, cmdlets that are
specialized .NET classes and scripts, the compositions of cmdlets and
imperative logic.
Markup Languages
A markup language is an artificial language that
uses annotations to text that define how the text is to be displayed.
Curl
It is a reflective object-oriented programming language. It
is a markup language similar to HTML. Curl is an object-oriented programming
language supporting multiple inheritance.
SGML
Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) has descended
from IBM’s Generalized Markup Language. It is an ISO standard metalanguage that
can define markup languages for documents. It was designed with the intent of
sharing machine-readable documents of large projects that had to be retained
for long years.
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language, abbreviated as HTML, is the most
prominent markup language that is used for web pages. It is written in the form
of HTML tags that are surrounded by angular brackets. HTML tags describe the
appearance of the text in a document and can be embedded into certain other
code to affect the web browser behavior. HTML uses the SGML default syntax.
XML
The name stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is
extensible because it allows the users to define their own XML elements. It
supports the sharing of structured data over the Internet and the encoding and
serializing of data. It originated as a subset of SGML. XPath is the XML Path
Language that is used to select nodes from an XML document. It supports the
computation of values. XQuery is used to query the collections of XML data.
Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) is an XML-based language
that is used for the transformation of XML documents into human-readable
formats. Apache Ant is a tool for the automation of software build processes. It
uses XML to describe the build processes.
XHTML
It is a markup language that is similar to HTML and follows
the XML syntax. It is midway between HTML and XML. XHTML documents allow
automated processing of data.
Logic-based Programming Languages
Logic programming is a type of programming paradigm
which is largely based on formal logic. Any program written in a logic
programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts
and rules about some problem domain. (Wikipedia)
ALF
Algebraic Logic Functional Programming Language is a
multi-paradigm programming language that is a combination of functional
programming and logic programming. ALF program statements are compiled into
instructions of an abstract machine. An emulator written in C executes the
programs of the abstract machine.
Fril
Fril language was designed by Trevor Martin and Jim Baldwin
at the University of Bristol in the 1980s. It is for first-order predicate
calculus. It supports fuzzy sets and metaprogramming and is based on the Prolog
syntax.
Janus
Janus supports concurrent and constraint programming.
Leda
This computer programming language is a blend of
logic-based, functional, imperative and object-oriented programming. It is thus
one of the multi-paradigm languages.
Oz
It is a multi-paradigm language that supports functional,
logic-based, imperative and object-oriented programming. Oz also supports
concurrent and distributed programming. Constraint programming that is
supported by Oz is one of the strengths of this language.
Poplog
It is a powerful multi-paradigm software development
environment whose core language is POP-11. All the languages of this
development environment share a common language editor and are incrementally
compiled programming languages.
Prolog
It is a general-purpose programming language that supports
logic programming and is often linked with artificial intelligence and
computational linguistics. The language is declarative and the program logic is
expressed in the form of relations. Mercury is a functional logic programming
language that is based on Prolog. Strawberry Prolog is a dialect of Prolog,
which is supposed to be easy to use. Visual Prolog is a strongly typed
extension of Prolog that supports object-oriented programming. It is a compiled
logic-based programming language.
ROOP
It is a multi-paradigm language that is built on C++. It is
intended to be used with artificial intelligence systems. Its features offer a
blend of procedural, logic-based, and object-oriented programming.
Concurrent Programming Languages
Concurrent programming is a computer programming
technique that provides for the execution of operations concurrently — either
within a single computer, or across a number of systems. In the latter case,
the term distributed computing is used. (Wikipedia)
ABCL
It is actually a family of Actor-Based Concurrent Languages,
which was developed in Japan during the 1980s and the 1990s. ABCL/1, ABCL/R,
and ABCL/R2 are some members of the ABCL family.
Afnix
It is a multi-threaded functional programming language. Its
interpreter is written in C++. Its runtime engine supports both 32 and 64 bit
platforms.
Cilk
Created at the MIT Laboratory in 1994, Cilk supports
multithreaded parallel programming.
Concurrent Pascal
Per Brinch Hansen, a Danish-American computer scientist
created Concurrent Pascal for writing operating systems and programming
real-time systems.
E
It is an object-oriented programming language that supports
distributed programming. Mark Miller, Dan Bornstein and associates at the
Electric Communities developed E in 1997. Its syntax resembles that of Java.
Joule
Joule is a concurrent dataflow programming language that
preceded the E programming language. It is used for distributed applications.
Limbo
Developed at the Bell Labs, Limbo is used for programming
distributed systems. Its striking feature is its compiler’s ability to generate
architecture-independent object code. Limbo is used for applications running on
Inferno operating system. Alex that was initially a part of the Plan 9
operating system is the predecessor of Limbo.
Pict
It is a statically typed programming language, which is in
the experimental stage today.
SALSA
Short for Simple Actor Language System and Architecture,
SALSA supports concurrent programming, message passing, and distributed
computing. It uses Java code for portability.
SR
Acronym of Synchronizing Resources, SR is a concurrent
programming language.
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm based on the concept of “objects”, which may contain data, in the form
of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures,
often known as methods. In OOP, computer programs are designed by making them
out of objects that interact with one another.
Agora
It is a prototype-based object-oriented programming language
that features message passing mechanisms.
BETA
It is an object-oriented programming language wherein
classes and procedures revolve around the same concept and classes are defined
as attributes of objects. It has strong abstraction mechanisms. BETA also
supports nested classes.
Cecil
This object-oriented language was created by Craig Chambers
at the University of Washington. It is similar to Objective-C and Modula-3.
Lava
Lava is a visual object-oriented interpreter-based
programming language.
Lisaac
It was the first compiled object-oriented programming
language that was based on prototype concepts. It also supports system
programming.
MOO
It is a dynamically typed prototype-based programming
language that supports object-oriented programming. It supports exception
handling mechanisms and looping constructs.
Moto
It is an open source server-side programming language that
comes with state and session management objects and database connectivity.
Object-Z
It was developed at the University of Queensland, Australia.
It extends the Z programming language by adding object-oriented features to it.
Obliq
It is an interpreted computer programming language that
offers object-oriented programming features. It supports untyped variables and
was designed for distributed and multithreaded computations.
Oxygene
Based on Object Pascal, Oxygene is an object-oriented
programming language with a rich feature set. Previously, it was known as
‘Chrome’.
Pliant
It is based on a dynamic compiler and comes with a unique
ability of supporting low-level instruction lists as well as high-level
expressions.
Prograph
It is a visual object-oriented multi-paradigm language that
uses symbols to signify the actions to be performed on data.
REBOL
REBOL is the acronym given to Relative Expression Based
Object Language. It is designed for use on distributed platforms and in network
communications.
Scala
The name Scala stands for Scalable Language. It is a
multi-paradigm programming language, which offers object-oriented and
functional programming features.
Self
It is an object-oriented prototype-based computer
programming language. NewtonScript is used to write programs for Apple Newton
and is largely influenced by Self.
Slate
This object-oriented programming language is based on the
concept of prototypes. It derives some of its features from Smalltalk and some
from the Self language. The Slate design is intended at providing the
programmers with an operating system-like environment.
XOTcl
It is an object-oriented extension of the Tool Command
Language that supports metaclasses and dynamic classes and methods.
IO
It is a pure object-oriented programming language having a
prototype-based object model. It is small in size and can be executed on small
portable virtual machines
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